The ‘gateway to the West’ has for years become a relative sanctuary from the onslaught on Ukraine’s frontline. But the city and region’s long history has seen it at the centre of countless conquests

Europe’s frozen northeast became a new sacred frontier of holy war, forced conversion and occupation against Europe’s last pagans

Civilian reactors have become strategic cover for Russian forces during their invasion of Ukraine

Controversy of the week A grim anniversary When ...

The conflict between Kyiv and Moscow has become one of attrition, analysts say, with both sides paying a high price for small gains

Professor Lawrence Freedman explains why NATO’s future and the island’s fate are secure despite heightening tensions above the Arctic Circle